![]() ![]() Synthetic Fibers and Fabrics Information. Fibers and fabrics play a large role in everyday applications. A fiber is a hair- like strand of material. They are the smallest visible unit of a fabric and are denoted by being extremely long in relation to their width (at least 1. Fibers can be spun into yarn and made into fabrics. Synthetic fibers are a subset of the larger area of textiles. Textiles can be natural or synthetic. Natural fibers include cotton, fur, wool, etc. Regenerated fibers are natural materials that have been processed into a fiber structure. Regenerated fibers such as cellulose and wood pulp are used to make materials such as rayon and acetate. Synthetic fibers are man made from chemicals. They are generally based on polymers and are stronger than natural and regenerated fibers. It is often easy to identify what type of fiber or fabric a material is by look or touch alone. A variety of tests have been developed to aid in identifying materials. For more information please visit the Industrial Fabric Selection Guide. Self-healing materials are artificial or synthetically-created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damage to themselves without any. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired.Advantages. Disadvantages. Strong. Melt when hot. Thermoplastic. Use petrol. Resistant to moths and fungi.
Non- renewable. Abrasion- resistant. Can be an allergenic. Easy to care for. Low absorbency. Inexpensive. Easily available. ![]() How Synthetic Fibers and Fabrics are Made. Most synthetic fibers go through a similar production process which includes four steps. A chemical process usually polymerization, prepares and combines the components for the fiber. Polymerization is the formation of macromolecules through repetition of basic units. Initially, the various components are solids and first must be converted to a liquid state to be extruded into fibers. The materials are chemically converted, dissolved, or melted, turning into a thick liquid. Video credit: Carleton University. A spinning process produces the fiber by passing the thick liquid through a spinneret. A spinneret is a device with hundreds of holes of a specified diameter. The liquid is forced through the spinneret holes and comes out a string liquid filament. The hole in the spinneret determines the diameter of the filament, which is set by the application. The extrusion is dried to a continuous filament fiber. A twisting process twists the filament fiber into a yarn. The filament falls vertically from the spinneret and is caught in a large vacuum nozzle. The vacuum force keeps tension on the line as it is wound around a bobbin. The twisted yarn is packaged and sent to a textile mill. For information on natural fiber manufacturing, please visit the Industrial Fabric Selection Guide. End- Product Types. Synthetic fibers and synthetic fabrics consist of bulk fibers, yarns, woven cloth or other textile products manufactured from polymer- based materials such as polyamide (nylon), polyester, aramid, or other spun thermoplastics. The end- product is the form of the fiber/fabric when manufacturing is complete. Basic product types include: Fibers and monofilaments - - Single fibers are called filaments and a monofilament is when a single continuous filament is rolled on a spool. A filament bunch is called a strand or end. Bulk chopped fibers or thin, continuous fiber filaments are used typically in composite reinforcement applications, flow- able insulation, or as the key component in woven fabrics, braids, knits, rope roving, or other specialty fabrics. Roving - - Roving is made of parallel filaments. Graphite rovings are referred to as tows. Rovings are marked by the number of filaments they contain. Tows are marked by the number of filaments with the most common graphite tows being 3.K, 6. K and 1. 2K.Yarn - - Yarn is made of continuous, often plied strands of natural or man- made fibers or filaments.The filament is then twisted to hold fibers together.Carded and needle punched, non- woven - - Carded yarn has been through the card machine but has not been combed.Because they contain a range of fiber lengths they are low strength, low density, and low cost. New Football Tricks Free Downloadable Video Converter . Braided products - - Braided fabrics are made by crossing a number of strands diagonally so each strand passed alternating over or under one or more of the other strands. These products are used for tubular composite structures, thermal insulation, and in other applications. Rope and cordage - - Cord is formed by twisting together two or more plied yarns. It can also be defined as a rib on the surface of a fabric. Rope is a heavier and stronger cord. It is made from either natural or synthetic fibers and is available in a wide range of diameters. Rope is made in a two step process; first the yarns are twisted together to form strands and then the strands are twisted together in the opposite direction to form the rope. The alternating direction of the twist at different stages of the rope assembly makes the rope twist stable and resistance to kinks. Webbing - - Webbing is strong, narrow fabric that has been closely woven. They are available in a variety of weaves and often found in straps that have to withstand strain (belt, seat belts, suspenders, etc.) Webbing includes ribbons, strapping, and tape. Blankets or batts - - Blankets or batts (batting) are made of thick layers of woven and/or non- woven fabric sheets. Battings are webs of loose fibers that have usually been carded. Battings are sold in sheets or rolls and used for warm linings and comforter stuffings. Sleeves or wraps - - Sleeves or wraps (sleeving) are flexible, fibrous refractory products for insulating pipes, tubes, ducts, and other process components. Thread- Synthetic thread includes both monofilaments and multi- fiber filament; a slender, strong strand or cord. Most threads are made by plying and twisting yarns. There is a large variety of yarns available for many different industrial applications. Material Specifications. Material Properties. In order to determine the polymer to use, key properties of polymer should be identified. These properties include: Composition and structure- The type of polymer, the amount/length of side chains, and the shape of the polymer. The shape and amount/length of side chains plays an important role in the strength of the polymer. Melting point- The temperature at which the polymer begins to melt. Melt strength is a property which indicates the polymer's ability to withstand drawing without breaking. This is improved with the presence of high molecular weight tail or long chain branches. Modulus- The ability of a material to resist deformation. The property is usually expressed as the ratio of stress exerted on the sample to the amount of deformation. Elasticity and recovery from strain- The elastic limit is the stress at which the uniaxial stress- strain curve becomes nonlinear due to shear yielding or crazing. Shear yielding is the irreversible slipping of molecule chairs and crazing is the formation of low density, crack- like volumes which scatter light (this makes the polymer look white). Tensile- These properties are the most important indication of strength and stiffness of the material. They determine the force necessary to pull the specimen apart, and the deformation before breaking. The tensile modulus is a measure of stiffness calculated based on measured force. Density- The weight per unit volume. Density affects physical properties like stiffness, impact strength, and optical properties. Moisture absorption- The amount of moisture a fiber will absorb from the air at a standard condition of 7. F and a relative humidity of 6. Dye- ability- The ability of the polymer to absorb and hold on to a dye. Comfort- How the material feels to the user. If the fiber or fabric is going to be used in apparel then the comfort stretch (freedom of movement when wearing the fabric), phase change ability, and hydrophobic nature should be considered. Material Type. Synthetic fibers and fabrics are all made from a type of polymer but they each have unique properties and characteristics making them useful for specific applications. The fibers and fabrics may include a variety of materials and may feature a blended, fibrous structure produced by copolymerization. Synthetic fibers that are made of elastomers, fluoropolymers, glass, and fiberglass are also commonly available. Material types for synthetic fibers and synthetic fabrics include: Fiber Name. Description. Application. Advantages Disadvantages. Acetate and triacetate fibers. This type of fiber is known as a regenerated man made material.
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